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FAQs
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What is the difference between inductance under DC bias and small-signal inductance?
Small-signal inductance is measured with a very small AC signal and no DC current. Inductance under DC bias is the effective inductance when a DC current is superimposed, which can cause the core to partially saturate and lower the inductance. Datasheets should provide a curve showing inductance vs. DC bias.
Why does my inductor/transformer get hot during operation?
Heating is typically caused by power losses. These include core losses (as above) and copper losses (I²R loss from the winding resistance). Ensure the component is operating within its rated current and frequency specifications, and consider thermal management if necessary.
What causes core losses, and how can they be minimized?
Core losses consist mainly of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. They are caused by the alternating magnetic field. Losses can be minimized by selecting the right core material for the operating frequency, using laminated or powdered cores to break eddy current paths, and optimizing the magnetic circuit design.
How does core material affect performance?
The core material determines key characteristics like permeability, saturation flux density, core losses at different frequencies, and temperature stability. For example, ferrites offer low losses at high frequencies but lower saturation flux density compared to some alloy powders.
What is the difference between hard saturation and soft saturation?
Hard saturation (e.g., in some powder cores) exhibits a sharp decline in permeability after the saturation point, leading to a rapid drop in inductance. Soft saturation (e.g., in many ferrites) shows a more gradual decline, allowing for some operation beyond the nominal saturation current.
What are the key parameters to consider when selecting a magnetic component (e.g., inductor, transformer)?
Key parameters include inductance value, current rating (saturation and RMS), DC resistance (DCR), operating frequency, size, tolerance, and core material (e.g., ferrite, powdered iron). The specific application will determine which parameters are most critical.
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